Glossary
A
Anchor
Synonymous with hyperlinks, anchor refers to non-linear links among documents. Or more simply put, it’s the word or phrase that can be selected to connect to another page or resource.
Anchor Color
You guessed it–the color on screen that represents the anchors. The reason so many are blue is that is often the default color. This color can be changed to any combination of red, green and blue.
Agent
Agents are search tools that automatically seek out relevant online information based on your specifications. Agents are also called intelligent agents, personal agents, knowbots or droids.
Annotations
Personal notes you can attach to the documents you have saved in your Web browser. The notes are available to you whenever the document is viewed.
ASCII (pronounced “Ask-ee”)
An acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII is an international standard in which numbers, letters, punctuation marks, symbols and control codes are assigned numbers from 0 to 127. Easily transferred over networks, ASCII is a plain, unadorned text without style or font specifications.
Authoring Software
This term refers to software that enables the creation of multimedia or hypertext documents and presentations.
Avatar
This term refers to an interactive representation of a human in a virtual reality environment; term was popularized by Neal Stephenson’s novel “Snow Crash.”
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B
Back / Forward
Buttons in most browsers’ Tool Button Bar, upper left. BACK returns you to the document previously viewed. FORWARD goes to the next document, after you go BACK.
If it seems like the BACK button does not work, check whether you are in a new browser window; some links are programmed to open a new window. Each window has its own short-term search HISTORY. If this does not work, right click on the BACK button to select the page you want (some Web pages are programmed to disable BACK).
Bandwidth
The range of transmission frequencies a network can use. The greater the bandwidth the more information that can be transferred over that network at one time. The term bandwidth also broadly includes throughput, meaning the amount of data sent.
Banner Ad
A (most often graphic) advertisement placed on a web page, which acts as a hyperlink to an advertiser’s web site.
BBS
This is an acronym for Bulletin Board System, a computer equipped with software and telecommunications links that allow it to act as an information host for remote computer systems.
BinHex
A file conversion format that converts binary files to ASCII text files.
Bit
A contraction of binary digit, a bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can hold. Eight bits is equivalent to a byte. The speed at which bits are transmitted or bit rate is usually expressed as bits per second or bps.
Blog / Web Log
A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web. The activity of updating a blog is “blogging” and someone who keeps a blog is a “blogger.” Blogs are typically updated daily using software that allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog. Postings on a blog are almost always arranged in cronological order with the most recent additions featured most prominantly.
Bookmark
A link to a particular web site, stored (bookmarked) by a web user for future use and easy access.
Broadband
A general term for different types of high-speed, high-bandwidth connections to the Internet, including DSL and cable.
Browser
A type of software that allows you to navigate information databases; examples are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Byte
The number of bits used to represent a character.
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C
C
An advanced programming language used for programming advanced computer applications.
C++
(C Plus Plus)?The same as C with added object-oriented functions.
C#
(C Sharp)?A Microsoft version of C++ with added Java-like functions.
Case Sensitive
A term used to describe if it is of importance to use upper or lower case letters.
Cache
A web browser or web server feature which stores copies of web pages on a computer’s hard disk.
Chat
An on-line text-based communication between Internet users.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
A set of rules that describes how a CGI program communicates with a web server.
CGI Bin
The folder (or directory) on a web server that stores CGI programs.
CGI Program
A small program that handles input and output from a web server. Often CGI programs are used for handling forms input or database queries.
CD-ROM
Compact Disk-Read Only Memory; an optical disk from which information may be read but not written.
CD-R or Compact Disk-Recordable
Refers to computer peripheral disk drives that allow the user to record content on to a blank compact disk.
Client
A computer that has access to services over a computer network. The computer providing the services is a server. Note: in an X-11 environment, the meanings of client and server are reversed.
Client-Server Architecture
An information-passing scheme that works as follows: a client program, such as Mosaic, sends a request to a server. The server takes the request, disconnects from the client and processes the request. When the request is processed, the server reconnects to the client program and the information is transferred to the client. This architecture differs from traditional Internet databases where the client connects to the server and runs the program from the remote site. Note: in an X-11 environment, the meanings of client and server seemingly are reversed.
Click
A mouse click on a hyperlink element (such as text or picture) on a web page which creates an event such as taking a visitor to another web page or another part of the same page.
Clickthrough Rate
The number of times visitors click on a hyperlink (or advertisement) on a page, as a percentage of the number of times the page has been displayed.
Compression
A method of reducing the size (compress) of web documents or graphics for faster delivery via the web.
Computer Virus
A computer program that can harm a computer by displaying messages, deleting files, or even destroying the computer’s operating system.
Cookie
Information from a web server, stored on your computer by your web browser. The purpose of a cookie is to provide information about your visit to the website for use by the server during a later visit.
ColdFusion
Web development software for most platforms (Linux, Unix, Solaris and Windows).
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A W3C recommended language for defining style (such as font, size, color, spacing, etc.) for web documents.
Configuration
This is a general-purpose computer term that can refer to the way you have your computer set up. It is also used to describe the total combination of hardware components that make up a computer system and the software settings that allow various hardware components of a computer system to communicate with one another.
Configure
The act of changing software or hardware actions by changing the settings.
CyberMall
A term commonly used to describe an electronic site shared by a number of commercial interests.
Cyberspace
A term coined by William Gibson in his novel “Neuromancer” to refer to a near-future computer network where users mentally travel through matrices of data. The term is now used to describe the Internet and the other computer networks.
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D
DHCP
Abbreviation for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, an Internet standard protocol that allows IP addresses to be pooled and assigned as needed to clients.
DHTML (Dynamic HTML)
A term commonly to describe HTML content that can change dynamically.
Dial-up Connection
A connection to Internet via telephone and modem.
Discussion Group
An on-line discussion group (a section on a news server) dedicated to a particular subject of interest.
Direct Connection
A permanent connection between your computer system and the Internet. This is sometimes referred to as a leased-line connection because the line is leased from the telephone company.
DNS
An acronym for Domain Name Server, DNS refers to a database of Internet names and addresses which translates the names to the official Internet Protocol numbers and vice versa.
Document
When used in reference to the World Wide Web, a document is any file containing text, media or hyperlinks that can be transferred from an HTTP server to a client program.
Document Window
This is the Web browser’s scrollable window in which HTML documents can be viewed.
Download
To transfer to your computer a copy of a file that resides on another computer.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
An Internet connection over regular telephone lines, but much faster. Speed may vary from 128 kilobit per second, up to 9 megabit per second.
Dynamic IP
In which the IP address may change (typically via DHCP) each time you log on to the Internet. See Static IP.
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E
E-mail (Electronic Mail)
Messages sent from one person to another via the Internet.
E-mail Address
The address used for sending e-mails to a person or an organization. Typical format is username@hostname.
E-mail Server
A web server dedicated to the task of serving e-mail.
Encryption
To convert data from its original form to a form that can only be read by someone that can reverse the encryption. The purpose of encryption is to prevent unauthorized reading of the data.
Error
See Web Server Error.
Ethernet
A type of local area network (see LAN).
External Viewer
A program used for presenting graphics, audio and video files. Programs that allow the viewing of GIF and JPEG files and the hearing of AU files fall into this category.
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F
FAQ
This is the acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. A common feature on the Internet, FAQs are files of answers to commonly asked questions. Read FAQs before wasting electrons asking obvious questions. Saves you from receiving flames.
Firewall
This term refers to security measures designed to protect a networked system from unauthorized or unwelcome access.
Flash
A vector-based multimedia format developed by Macromedia for use on the web.
Form
See HTML Form.
Forum
A part of the browser screen displaying a particular content. Frames are often used to display content from different web pages.
FrontPage
Web development software for the Windows platform. Developed by Microsoft.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
File Transfer Protocol is a protocol that allows the transfer of files from one computer to another. FTP is also the verb used to describe the act of transferring files from one computer to another.
FTP Server
A web server you can logon to, and download files from (or upload files to). Anonymous FTP is a method for downloading files from an FTP server without using a logon account.
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G
GIF
This acronym stands for Graphic Interchange Format, a commonly used file compression format developed by CompuServe for transferring graphics files to and from online services.
GB
Same as Gigabyte. 10GB is ten gigabytes.
Gigabyte
1024 megabytes. Commonly rounded down to one billion bytes.
Graphics
Graphics describe pictures (opposite to text).
Graphic Monitor
A display monitor that can display graphics.
Graphic Printer
A printer that can print graphics.
Graphical Banner
See Banner Ad.
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
An acronym for Graphical User Interface, this term refers to a software front-end meant to provide an attractive and easy to use interface between a computer user and application. The Macintosh operating system has a GUI, DOS does not.
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H
Hits
The number of times a web object (page or picture) has been viewed or downloaded.
Home Page
The top-level (main) page of a web site. The default page displayed when you visit a web site.
Hotlists
Lists of frequently used Web locations and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).
Host / Hosting
A computer acting as an information or communications server. A place to put your web pages so that viewers can see your website.
HTML
An acronym for HyperText Markup Language, HTML is the language used to tag various parts of a Web document so browsing software will know how to display that document’s links, text, graphics and attached media.
HTML Document
A document written in HyperText Markup Language.
HTTP
The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP is used to link and transfer hypertext documents.
HTTP Client
A computer program that requests a service from a web server.
HTML Editor
A software program for editing HTML pages. With an HTML editor you can add elements like lists, tables, layout, font size, and colors to a HTML document like using a word processor. An HTML editor will display the page being edited exactly the same way it will be displayed on the web (See WYSIWYG).
HTTP Server
A computer program providing services from a web server.
HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)
Same as HTTP but provides secure Internet communication using SSL. (see also SSL)
Hyperlink
A pointer to another document. Most often a pointer to another web page. A hyperlink is a synonym for a hotlink or a link, and sometimes called a hypertext connection to another document or web page.
Hypermedia
The hypertext concept extended to include linked multiple media.
Hypertext
This term describes the system that allows documents to be cross- linked in such a way that the reader can explore related documents by clicking on a highlighted word or symbol.
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I
IE (Internet Explorer)
A browser by Microsoft. The most commonly used browser today.
Internet
A world wide network connecting millions of computers. (See also WWW)
Internet Browser
A software program used to display web pages.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
A standard communication protocol for retrieving e-mails from an e-mail server. IMAP is much like POP but more advanced.
Intranet
A private (closed) Internet, running inside a LAN (Local Area Network).
Inline Images
These are the graphics contained within a Web document.
IP
The abbreviation for Internet Protocol, IP refers to the set of communication standards that control communications activity on the Internet. An IP address is the number assigned to any Internet-connected computer.
IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
A unique number identifying every computer on the Internet (like 197.123.22.240)
IP Number (Internet Protocol Number)
Same as an IP address.
ISDN
The abbreviation for Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN is a telecommunications standard that uses digital transmission technology to support voice, video and data communications applications over regular telephone lines.
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Someone that provides access to the Internet and web hosting.
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J
Java
A programming language developed by SUN. Mostly for programming web servers and web applets.
Java Applet
See Web Applet.
JavaScript
The most popular scripting language on the internet, developed by Netscape.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)
The acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group, JPEG is an image compression format used to transfer color photographs and images over computer networks. Along with GIF, it’s one of the most common ways photos are moved over the Web.
JPEG and JPG
Graphic formats for storing compressed images.
JScript
Microsoft’s version of JavaScript.
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K
K
Same as kilobyte 10K is ten kilobytes..
KB
Same as kilobyte 10KB is ten kilobytes..
Keyword
In web terms: A word used by a search engine to search for relevant web information.?In database terms: A word (or index) used to identify a database record.
Kilobyte
1024 bytes. Often called 1K, and rounded down to 1000 bytes.
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L
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network between computers in a local area (like inside a building), usually connected via local cables. See also WAN.
Links
These are the hypertext connections between Web pages. This is a synonym for hotlinks or hyperlinks.
Live
When used in reference to a World Wide Web file, this term designates an object linked to another layer of information.
Linux
Open source computer operating system based on Unix. Mostly used on servers and web servers.
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M
The same as e-mail.
Mail Server
See e-mail server.
MB
Same as Megabyte. 10MB is ten megabytes.
Megabyte
1024 kilobytes. Commonly rounded down to one million bytes.
Meta Data
Data that describes other data. (See also Meta Tags).
Meta Search
The method of searching for meta data in documents.
Meta Tags
Tags inserted into documents to describe the document.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
A standard protocol for communication between computers and musical instruments.
Metaverse
From the novel “Snow Crash” by Neal Stephenson, this term describes a virtual online representation of reality.
MIME
An acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, MIME is a messaging standard that allows Internet users to exchange e-mail messages enhanced with graphics, video and voice. MIME file types are also used in Mosaic.
Modem
Hardware equipment to connect a computer to a telephone network Typically used to connect to the Internet via a telephone line.
Mosaic
The first commonly available web browser. Mosaic was released in 1993 and started the popularity of the web.
MOV
A codec for computer video developed by Apple. Common file extension for QuickTime multimedia files.
MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)
An audio compression format specially designed for easy download over the Internet.
MP3 File
An file containing audio compressed with MP3. Most often a music track.
MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group)
An ISO standard codec for computer audio and video.
MPG
Common file extension for MPEG files.
MPEG
The acronym for Moving Pictures Expert Group, MPEG is an international standard for video compression and desktop movie presentation. A special viewing application is needed to run MPEG files on your computer.
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
A general disk based computer operating system (See OS). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM computers, then developed by Microsoft as a basis for the first versions of Windows.
Multimedia
A presentation combining text with pictures, video, or sound.
MySQL
Free open source database software often used on the web.
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N
Navigate
The way in which a person browses an website by use of provided links.
Netscape
The browser from the company Netscape. The most popular browser for many years. Today IE has the lead.
Newsgroup
An on-line discussion group (a section on a news server) dedicated to a particular subject of interest.
News Reader
A computer program that enables you to read (and post messages) from an Internet newsgroup.
News Server
An Internet server dedicated to the task of serving Internet newsgroups.
NFS
The abbreviation for Network File System, NFS is a protocol suite developed and licensed by Sun Microsystems that allows different makes of computers running different operating systems to share files and disk storage.
NIC
The abbreviation for Network Information Center, NIC is an organization responsible for supplying information for component networks that comprise the Internet.
NOC
The abbreviation for Network Operations Center, NOC is the organization responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Internet’s component networks.
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O
Opera
The browser from the company Opera.
OS (Operating System)
The software that manages the basic operating of a computer.
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P
Page Hits
The number of times a web page has been visited by a user.
Page Impressions
The same as Page Hits.
Page Views
The same as Page Hits.
PDF (Portable Document Format)
A document file format developed by Adobe. Most often used for text documents.
Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language)
A scripting language for web servers. Most often used on Unix servers.
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)
A technology allowing the insertion of server executable scripts in web pages. Mostly for Unix, Linux and Solaris platforms.
Ping
A method used to check the communication between two computers. A “ping” is sent to a remote computer to see if it responds.
Platform
The computer’s operating system like Windows, Linux, or OS X.
Plug-In
An application built into another application. In web terms: A program built in (or added) to a web browser to handle a special type of data like e-mail, sound, or movie files. (See also ActiveX)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
A format for encoding a picture pixel by pixel and sending it over the web. A W3C recommendation for replacing GIF.
POP
An acronym for Point of Presence, POP is a service provider’s location for connecting to users. Generally, POPs refer to the location where people can dial into the provider’s host computer. Most providers have several POPs to allow low-cost access via telephone lines.
Port
A number that identifies a computer IO (input/output) channel. In web terms: A number that identifies the I/O channel used by an Internet application (A web server normally uses port 80).
Protocol
A standard (language and a set of rules) to allow computers to interact in a standard way. Examples are IP, FTP, and HTTP.
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
A communication protocol used for direct connection between two computers.
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Q
Query
The keyword or key phrase entered into a search engine’s search box to look for for information, products or webites on the Internet.
QuickTime
This is a digital video standard developed for Apple Macintosh computers. Special viewing applications are needed to run QuickTime movies.
QWERTY
The most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard’s top row of letters.
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R
Real Audio
A common multimedia audio format created by Real Networks.
Real Video
A common multimedia video format created by Real Networks.
Redirect
The action when a web page automatically forwards (redirects) the user to another web page.
RGB (Red Green Blue)
The combination of the three primary colors that can represent a full color spectrum.
Robot (Web) also known as Web spider, spider or bots
A computer program that searches the Internet for web pages. Common web spiders are the one used by search engines like Google and AltaVista to index the web. Web spiders are also called web robots or wanderers.
Router
A communications device designed to transmit signals via the most efficient route possible.
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S
Script
A collection of statements written in a Scripting Language.
Scripting Language
A simple programming language that can be executed by a web browser or a web server. See JavaScript and VBScript.
Scripting
Writing a script.
Search Engine
This term refers to a program that helps users find information in text-oriented databases.
Server
A computer system that manages and delivers information for client computers. Note: in an X-11 environment, the meanings of client and server are reversed.
Shareware
Software that you can try free of charge, and pay a fee to continue to use legally.
Shockwave
A format (technology) developed by Macromedia for embedding multimedia content in web pages.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
A standard communication protocol for sending e-mail messages between computers.
Socket
This is a communication mechanism originally implemented on the BSD version of the UNIX operating system. Sockets are used as endpoints for sending and receiving data between computers.
SPAM
The action of sending multiple unwelcome messages to a newsgroup or mailing list.
Spoofing
Addressing a web page or an e-mail with a false referrer. Like sending an e-mail from a false address.
Spyware
Computer software hidden in a computer with the purpose of collecting information about the use of the computer.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
An ANSI standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases.
SQL Server
A database system from Microsoft. Mostly used on high traffic web sites running on the Windows platform.
Static IP
An IP address which is the same every time you log on to the Internet.
Streaming
A method of sending audio and video files over the Internet in such a way that the user can view the file while it is being transferred.
Streaming Format
The format used for files being streamed over the Internet. (See Windows Media, Real Video and QuickTime).
Synchronous Connection
An analog to analog or digital to digital connection that is able to perform two or more processes at the same time by means of a mutual timing signal or clock.
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T
T-1
High-speed data line connection. T-1 operates at 1.45 Mbps.
Tags
These are formatting codes used in HTML documents. Tags indicate how parts of a document will appear when displayed by browsing software.
TCP-IP
The basic protocols controlling applications on the Intn the Internet; it stands for “transmission control protocol/Internet protocol.”
Trojan Horse
Computer program hidden in another computer program with the purpose of destroying software or collecting information about the use of the computer.
TIFF
This is the acronym for Tagged Image File Format, a graphic file format developed by Aldus and Microsoft. Mosaic supports the viewing of TIFF images. Prodominently used with Print media over web.
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U
UNZIP
To uncompress a ZIPPED file. See ZIP.
Upload
To transfer a file from a local computer to a remote computer. In web terms: to transfer a file from a web client to a web server. (see also Download).
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
Term used to identify resources on the internet. URL is one type of an URI.
URL
This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator, the addressing system used in the World Wide Web and other Internet resources. The URL contains information about the method of access, the server to be accessed and the path of any file to be accessed.
User Agent
The same as a Web Browser.
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V
VB (Visual Basic)
See Visual Basic.
VBScript
A scripting language from Microsoft. VBScript is the default scripting language in ASP. Can also be used to program Internet Explorer.
Virus
Same as Computer Virus.
Visit
A visit to a web site. Commonly used to describe the activity for one visitor of a web site.
Visitor
A visitor of a web site. Commonly used to describe a person visiting (viewing) a web site.
Visual Basic
A programming language from Microsoft.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A private network between two remote sites, over a secure encrypted virtual Internet connection (a tunnel).
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)
A programming language to allow 3D effects to be added to HTML documents.
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W
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
The organization responsible for managing standards for the WWW.
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
A leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.
Web Address
The same as an URL or URI. See URL.
Web Applet
A program that can be downloaded over the web and run on the user’s computer. Most often written in Java.
Web Client
A software program used to access web pages. Sometimes the same as a Web Browser, but often used as a broader term.
Web Browser
This is the software that allows a user to access and view HTML documents. Examples of Web browsers include Netscape, Mosaic, Cello and Lynx.
Web Document
An HTML document that is browsable on the Web.
Web Error
See Web Server Error.
Web Form
See HTML Form.
Web Host
A web server that “hosts” web services like providing web site space to companies or individuals.
Web Hosting
The action of providing web host services.
Web Page
A document (normally an HTML file) designed to be distributed over the Web.
Web Log
See Blog
Web Server
A server is a computer that delivers services or information to other computers. In web terms: A server that delivers web content to web browsers.
Web Server Error
A message from a web server indicating an error. The most common web server error is “404 File Not Found”.
Web Services
Software components and applications running on web servers. The server provides these services to other computers, browsers or individuals, using standard communication protocols.
Web Site
A collection of related web pages belonging to a company or an individual.
Web Spider
A computer program that searches the Internet for web pages. Common web spiders are the one used by search engines like Google and AltaVista to index the web. Web spiders are also called web robots or wanderers.
Webmaster
This term refers to the person in charge of administrating a World Wide Web site.
Webspace (see also Hosting)
This term refers to the space created by the World Wide Web. This is usually associated with a hosting company / hosting space.
Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows 95/98, Windows XP
Computer operating systems from Microsoft.
Windows Media
Audio and video formats for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See ASF, ASX, WMA and WMF).
WINZIP
A computer program for compressing and decompressing files. See ZIP.
WMA
Audio file format for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See also WMV).
WMV
Video file format for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See also WMA).
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
A standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones, inherited from HTML, but based on XML, and much stricter than HTML.
Worm
A computer virus that can make copies of itself and spread to other computers over the Internet.
World Wide Web (WWW)
Also known as WWW or W3, the World Wide Web is a hypertext-based Internet service used for browsing Internet resources / websites.
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
To display a web page being edited exactly the same way it will be displayed on the web.
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X
XForms
A future version of HTML Forms, based on XML and XHTML. Differs from HTML forms by separating data definition and data display. Providing richer and more device independent user input.
XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML reformulated as XML. XHTML is the latest version of HTML. Developed by W3C.
XML
eXtensible Mark-up Language, a specification developed by the W3C. XML is a pared-down version of Standard Generalised Mark-Up Language, designed especially for Web documents. It allows designers to create their own customised tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation of data between applications and between organizations.
XML Document
A document written in XML.
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Y
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Z
ZIP
A compressing format for computer files. Commonly used for compressing files before downloading over the Internet. ZIP files can be compressed (ZIPPED) and decompressed (UNZIPPED) using a computer program like WINZIP.